Introduction

AllegroGraph has two different inference engines: one supports a superset of RDFS inference rules and the other supports OWL 2 RL. The first is called the dynamic RDFS++ reasoner because it generates inferred triples on-the-fly and does not save them in the triple-store. The second is an OWL 2 RL materializer: it uses a set of inference rules to generate new triples and adds them to the triple-store.

If the triple store is changed via additions or deletions then materialization may have to be run again so that the triple store contains the correct set of materialized triples.

The dynamic reasoner is best when:

The materializer is best when:

OWL 2 RL is the subset of OWL 2 that is designed to support rule based reasoners. OWL 2 RL contains a large number of rules for generating triples and some rules for verifying that the triple store is consistent with respect to the OWL 2 RL ontology.

The materializer implements a subset of the OWL 2 RL rules and we plan to add more rules in future versions. The complete rule set is described on the OWL 2 RL reference page.

APIs

There is an AGWebView interface (see WebView, particularly the Repository Overview Page section), a Java interface (see AGMaterializer#newInstance() and AGRepositoryConnection#materialize), a Python interface, as well as the Lisp interface described below. There is also a command-line interface described next.

Command Line Interface

The program agtool materialize is the command-line version of the materializer. The agtool program is the general program for AllegroGraph command-line operations. (In earlier releases, there was a separate agmaterialize program.)

agtool materialize must be run on the same machine where the AllegroGraph server is running. Here is an overview of its options:

Usage:

agtool materialize [OPTIONS] DBNAME 

The options are identified with a double dash when the full option name is used (--verbose) and a single dash when a single letter abbreviation is used (-v).

Materialization options:

--delete
Delete existing materialized triples and exit. No materialization is performed.
--display-ontology
Read and display the store's ontology and exit. No materialization is performed.
-f GRAPH, --graph GRAPH
May be specified multiple times. Materialization will be limited to triples whose graphs are among the graphs specified by instances of this argument. The --inferred-graph (abbreviated -g) will always be included, whether or not it is actually specified as a value of this argument.
-g GRAPH, --inferred-graph GRAPH
The graph into which inferred triples will be placed
--rule NAME
Specify materialization rule; can be used multiple times. Rules are: all, class, property, restriction, same-as, values-from.
--bulk
If specified, then materialization will be run in bulk mode. This mode provides approximately 30% faster materialization. Note that bulk mode is global to the store and means that transactions will not be durable (in particular, will not be logged). Therefore, the switch should generally be used only when the store is not being used for other operations and the store should be backed up when the materialization is complete.

Other options:

-v, --verbose : Include more output (this option may be repeated, the more times it appears, the more output will be provided).

Triple-store options:

-c CATALOG, --catalog CATALOG
CATALOG name on server; use "" for the root catalog. The default is the root catalog.
-p PORT, --port PORT
Server port (default 10035, which is the usual port default).

Example:

The database is lubm-50. The --catalog, --rule, and --verbose options are specified (--verbose twice which means more information will be provided than if --verbose was just specified once):

agtool materialize -c stores --rule all --verbose -verbose lubm-50  

Lisp API

materialize-entailed-triples

The main function is

materialize-entailed-triples &key  db  verbose  print-ontology  commit  ruleset  with  without  use-type-subproperty  materialized-graph  delete-first?  delete-duplicates-first?
function

Materialize inferred triples based on a rule set.

where

  • db: specifies the triple store to materialize (defaults to *db*)

  • commit: should be nil or a number. If nil then the materializer will never commit (which is not a good idea if the database is large and there are many materialized triples). If commit is a number then after this many triples are added to the triple store a commit will be done, and a commit will be done when the materializer is finished.

  • materialized-graph: the graph into which inferred triples will be added.

  • print-ontology: will print the classes and properties found in the triple store.

  • use-type-subproperty: change the implied predicate for subproperty reasoning

  • verbose: Either true or a number. If true, then all materializer logging is sent to the log. Using a number can limit the amount of logging information generated with higher numbers indicating more logging. A level of 4 tends to present a reasonable amount of detail without being too overwhelming.

  • with: either "all" or a list of the sets of rules to run (details below).

  • without: a list of sets of rules to not run.

The symbolic names for the rulesets (which are written as string) are as follows. These are described in detail in the materializer documentation.

  • "all"
  • "same-as"
  • "restriction"
  • "values-from"
  • "class"
  • "property"

Note that "values-from" is a special subset of "restriction" rules. If "restriction" is specified then you can also specify "values-from" to enable that set of restriction rules

Examples

Examples of how to specify rulesets

(materialize-entailed-triples) 

will add the RDFS++ entailed triples.

(materialize-entailed-triples :with "all") 

will run all rules. Note that the result of this call may differ between versions of the materializer.

(materialize-entailed-triples :with  '("same-as" "restriction")) 

run the RDFS++ reasoning as well as "same-as" and "restriction".

(materialize-entailed-triples :with  '("values-from")) 

this is just basic RDFS++ reasoning as "restriction" was not specified as well so "values-from" is ignored.

(materialize-entailed-triples :without '("property"  "values-from")) 

run all rules except "property" and the "values-from" part of "restriction" reasoning.

The use-type-subproperty argument changes the triple which is generated in the following way:

Given:

classA rdfs:subClassOf classB  
mytype rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:type  
objX   mytype          classA 

then:

we would normally generate this triple::

objX   rdf:type        classB 

but if use-type-subproperty is true then we will instead generate this triple:

objX   mytype          classB 

delete-materialized-triples

The second function in the API is:

delete-materialized-triples &key  db  commit  verbose  materialized-graph
function

Remove any previously materialized triples.

  • db: specifies the triple store to materialize (defaults to *db*)

  • commit: If true, then the a commit-triple-store will run after inferred triples are deleted.

  • materialized-graph: the graph from which inferred triples will be removed.

Note: materialize-entailed-triples will call delete-materialized-triples before starting to add triples.

Rule Sets

The table below is from the OWL 2 RL definition. We’ve added a second column where we describe how this rule is treated by the materializer.

Rules which are not implemented are numbered 1, 2, or 3 or have no number at all. The numbers indicate why they aren’t done. The rules with no number have not been considered yet for inclusion in the materializer and may appear in a future version.

Rules numbered 10 or 11 have been included in the materializer. Rules numbered 10 are part of the basic RDFS++ materializer and always run. Rules numbered 11 are implemented by another part of the materializer where they are run as independent rules. If the number 11 is followed by one or more ruleset names then those rulesets must be enabled for these rules to run.

Materialization Rules
notes If then
eq-ref 1 T(?s, ?p, ?o) T(?s, owl:sameAs, ?s)
T(?p, owl:sameAs, ?p)
T(?o, owl:sameAs, ?o)
eq-sym 11 same-as T(?x, owl:sameAs, ?y) T(?y, owl:sameAs, ?x)
eq-trans 11 same-as T(?x, owl:sameAs, ?y)
T(?y, owl:sameAs, ?z)
T(?x, owl:sameAs, ?z)
eq-rep-s 11 same-as T(?s, owl:sameAs, ?s')
T(?s, ?p, ?o)
T(?s', ?p, ?o)
eq-rep-p 11 same-as T(?p, owl:sameAs, ?p')
T(?s, ?p, ?o)
T(?s, ?p', ?o)
eq-rep-o 11 same-as T(?o, owl:sameAs, ?o')
T(?s, ?p, ?o)
T(?s, ?p, ?o')
eq-diff1 2 T(?x, owl:sameAs, ?y)
T(?x, owl:differentFrom, ?y)
inconsistent
eq-diff2 2 T(?x, rdf:type, owl:AllDifferent)
T(?x, owl:members, ?y)
LIST[?y, ?z1, ..., ?zn]
T(?zi, owl:sameAs, ?zj)
inconsistent for each 1 ≤ i < j ≤ n
eq-diff3 2 T(?x, rdf:type, owl:AllDifferent)
T(?x, owl:distinctMembers, ?y)
LIST[?y, ?z1, ..., ?zn]
T(?zi, owl:sameAs, ?zj)
inconsistent for each 1 ≤ i < j ≤ n
prp-ap T(ap, rdf:type, owl:AnnotationProperty) for each built-in annotation property of OWL 2 RL
prp-dom 10 T(?p, rdfs:domain, ?c)
T(?x, ?p, ?y)
T(?x, rdf:type, ?c)
prp-rng 10 T(?p, rdfs:range, ?c)
T(?x, ?p, ?y)
T(?y, rdf:type, ?c)
prp-fp 10 T(?p, rdf:type, owl:FunctionalProperty)
T(?x, ?p, ?y1)
T(?x, ?p, ?y2)
T(?y1, owl:sameAs, ?y2)
prp-ifp 10 T(?p, rdf:type, owl:InverseFunctionalProperty)
T(?x1, ?p, ?y)
T(?x2, ?p, ?y)
T(?x1, owl:sameAs, ?x2)
prp-irp 2 T(?p, rdf:type, owl:IrreflexiveProperty)
T(?x, ?p, ?x)
inconsistent
prp-symp T(?p, rdf:type, owl:SymmetricProperty)
T(?x, ?p, ?y)
T(?y, ?p, ?x)
prp-asyp 2 T(?p, rdf:type, owl:AsymmetricProperty)
T(?x, ?p, ?y)
T(?y, ?p, ?x)
inconsistent
prp-trp 11 T(?p, rdf:type, owl:TransitiveProperty)
T(?x, ?p, ?y)
T(?y, ?p, ?z)
T(?x, ?p, ?z)
prp-spo1 10 T(?p1, rdfs:subPropertyOf, ?p2)
T(?x, ?p1, ?y)
T(?x, ?p2, ?y)
prp-spo2 T(?p, owl:propertyChainAxiom, ?x)
LIST[?x, ?p1, ..., ?pn]
T(?u1, ?p1, ?u2)
T(?u2, ?p2, ?u3)
...
T(?un, ?pn, ?un+1)
T(?u1, ?p, ?un+1)
prp-eqp1 10 T(?p1, owl:equivalentProperty, ?p2)
T(?x, ?p1, ?y)
T(?x, ?p2, ?y)
prp-eqp2 10 T(?p1, owl:equivalentProperty, ?p2)
T(?x, ?p2, ?y)
T(?x, ?p1, ?y)
prp-pdw 2 T(?p1, owl:propertyDisjointWith, ?p2)
T(?x, ?p1, ?y)
T(?x, ?p2, ?y)
inconsistent
prp-adp 2 T(?x, rdf:type, owl:AllDisjointProperties)
T(?x, owl:members, ?y)
LIST[?y, ?p1, ..., ?pn]
T(?u, ?pi, ?v)
T(?u, ?pj, ?v)
inconsistent for each 1 ≤ i < j ≤ n
prp-inv1 10 T(?p1, owl:inverseOf, ?p2)
T(?x, ?p1, ?y)
T(?y, ?p2, ?x)
prp-inv2 10 T(?p1, owl:inverseOf, ?p2)
T(?x, ?p2, ?y)
T(?y, ?p1, ?x)
prp-key T(?c, owl:hasKey, ?u)
LIST[?u, ?p1, ..., ?pn]
T(?x, rdf:type, ?c)
T(?x, ?p1, ?z1)
...
T(?x, ?pn, ?zn)
T(?y, rdf:type, ?c)
T(?y, ?p1, ?z1)
...
T(?y, ?pn, ?zn)
T(?x, owl:sameAs, ?y)
prp-npa1 2 T(?x, owl:sourceIndividual, ?i1)
T(?x, owl:assertionProperty, ?p)
T(?x, owl:targetIndividual, ?i2)
T(?i1, ?p, ?i2)
inconsistent
prp-npa2 2 T(?x, owl:sourceIndividual, ?i)
T(?x, owl:assertionProperty, ?p)
T(?x, owl:targetValue, ?lt)
T(?i, ?p, ?lt)
inconsistent
cls-thing 10 T(owl:Thing, rdf:type, owl:Class)
cls-nothing1 10 T(owl:Nothing, rdf:type, owl:Class)
cls-nothing2 2 T(?x, rdf:type, owl:Nothing) inconsistent
cls-int1 11 class T(?c, owl:intersectionOf, ?x)
LIST[?x, ?c1, ..., ?cn]
T(?y, rdf:type, ?c1)
T(?y, rdf:type, ?c2)
...
T(?y, rdf:type, ?cn)
T(?y, rdf:type, ?c)
cls-int2 11 class T(?c, owl:intersectionOf, ?x)
LIST[?x, ?c1, ..., ?cn]
T(?y, rdf:type, ?c)
T(?y, rdf:type, ?c1)
T(?y, rdf:type, ?c2)
...
T(?y, rdf:type, ?cn)
cls-uni 11 class T(?c, owl:unionOf, ?x)
LIST[?x, ?c1, ..., ?cn]
T(?y, rdf:type, ?ci)
T(?y, rdf:type, ?c) for each 1 ≤ i ≤ n
cls-com 2 T(?c1, owl:complementOf, ?c2)
T(?x, rdf:type, ?c1)
T(?x, rdf:type, ?c2)
inconsistent
cls-svf1 11 restriction & values-from T(?x, owl:someValuesFrom, ?y)
T(?x, owl:onProperty, ?p)
T(?u, ?p, ?v)
T(?v, rdf:type, ?y)
T(?u, rdf:type, ?x)
cls-svf2 11 restriction & values-from T(?x, owl:someValuesFrom, owl:Thing)
T(?x, owl:onProperty, ?p)
T(?u, ?p, ?v)
T(?u, rdf:type, ?x)
cls-avf 11 restriction & values-from T(?x, owl:allValuesFrom, ?y)
T(?x, owl:onProperty, ?p)
T(?u, rdf:type, ?x)
T(?u, ?p, ?v)
T(?v, rdf:type, ?y)
cls-hv1 11 restriction & values-from T(?x, owl:hasValue, ?y)
T(?x, owl:onProperty, ?p)
T(?u, rdf:type, ?x)
T(?u, ?p, ?y)
cls-hv2 11 restriction & values-from T(?x, owl:hasValue, ?y)
T(?x, owl:onProperty, ?p)
T(?u, ?p, ?y)
T(?u, rdf:type, ?x)
cls-maxc1 2 T(?x, owl:maxCardinality, "0"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger)
T(?x, owl:onProperty, ?p)
T(?u, rdf:type, ?x)
T(?u, ?p, ?y)
inconsistent
cls-maxc2 11 restriction T(?x, owl:maxCardinality, "1"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger)
T(?x, owl:onProperty, ?p)
T(?u, rdf:type, ?x)
T(?u, ?p, ?y1)
T(?u, ?p, ?y2)
T(?y1, owl:sameAs, ?y2)
cls-maxqc1 2 T(?x, owl:maxQualifiedCardinality, "0"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger)
T(?x, owl:onProperty, ?p)
T(?x, owl:onClass, ?c)
T(?u, rdf:type, ?x)
T(?u, ?p, ?y)
T(?y, rdf:type, ?c)
inconsistent
cls-maxqc2 2 T(?x, owl:maxQualifiedCardinality, "0"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger)
T(?x, owl:onProperty, ?p)
T(?x, owl:onClass, owl:Thing)
T(?u, rdf:type, ?x)
T(?u, ?p, ?y)
inconsistent
cls-maxqc3 11 restriction T(?x, owl:maxQualifiedCardinality, "1"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger)
T(?x, owl:onProperty, ?p)
T(?x, owl:onClass, ?c)
T(?u, rdf:type, ?x)
T(?u, ?p, ?y1)
T(?y1, rdf:type, ?c)
T(?u, ?p, ?y2)
T(?y2, rdf:type, ?c)
T(?y1, owl:sameAs, ?y2)
cls-maxqc4 11 restriction T(?x, owl:maxQualifiedCardinality, "1"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger)
T(?x, owl:onProperty, ?p)
T(?x, owl:onClass, owl:Thing)
T(?u, rdf:type, ?x)
T(?u, ?p, ?y1)
T(?u, ?p, ?y2)
T(?y1, owl:sameAs, ?y2)
cls-oo T(?c, owl:oneOf, ?x)
LIST[?x, ?y1, ..., ?yn]
T(?y1, rdf:type, ?c)
...
T(?yn, rdf:type, ?c)
cax-sco 10 T(?c1, rdfs:subClassOf, ?c2)
T(?x, rdf:type, ?c1)
T(?x, rdf:type, ?c2)
cax-eqc1 11 class T(?c1, owl:equivalentClass, ?c2)
T(?x, rdf:type, ?c1)
T(?x, rdf:type, ?c2)
cax-eqc2 11 class T(?c1, owl:equivalentClass, ?c2)
T(?x, rdf:type, ?c2)
T(?x, rdf:type, ?c1)
cax-dw 2 T(?c1, owl:disjointWith, ?c2)
T(?x, rdf:type, ?c1)
T(?x, rdf:type, ?c2)
inconsistent
cax-adc 2 T(?x, rdf:type, owl:AllDisjointClasses)
T(?x, owl:members, ?y)
LIST[?y, ?c1, ..., ?cn]
T(?z, rdf:type, ?ci)
T(?z, rdf:type, ?cj)
inconsistent for each 1 ≤ i < j ≤ n
dt-type1 T(dt, rdf:type, rdfs:Datatype) for each datatype dt supported in OWL 2 RL
dt-type2 3 T(lt, rdf:type, dt) for each literal lt and each datatype dt supported in OWL 2 RL such that the data value of lt is contained in the value space of dt
dt-eq 3 T(lt1, owl:sameAs, lt2) for all literals lt1 and lt2 with the same data value
dt-diff 3 T(lt1, owl:differentFrom, lt2) for all literals lt1 and lt2 with different data values
dt-not-type 3 T(lt, rdf:type, dt) inconsistent for each literal lt and each datatype dt supported in OWL 2 RL
such that t
scm-cls 11 class T(?c, rdf:type, owl:Class) T(?c, rdfs:subClassOf, ?c)
T(?c, owl:equivalentClass, ?c)
T(?c, rdfs:subClassOf, owl:Thing)
T(owl:Nothing, rdfs:subClassOf, ?c)
scm-sco 11 always T(?c1, rdfs:subClassOf, ?c2)
T(?c2, rdfs:subClassOf, ?c3)
T(?c1, rdfs:subClassOf, ?c3)
scm-eqc1 11 T(?c1, owl:equivalentClass, ?c2) T(?c1, rdfs:subClassOf, ?c2)
T(?c2, rdfs:subClassOf, ?c1)
scm-eqc2 11 T(?c1, rdfs:subClassOf, ?c2)
T(?c2, rdfs:subClassOf, ?c1)
T(?c1, owl:equivalentClass, ?c2)
scm-op T(?p, rdf:type, owl:ObjectProperty) T(?p, rdfs:subPropertyOf, ?p)
T(?p, owl:equivalentProperty, ?p)
scm-dp T(?p, rdf:type, owl:DatatypeProperty) T(?p, rdfs:subPropertyOf, ?p)
T(?p, owl:equivalentProperty, ?p)
scm-spo 10 T(?p1, rdfs:subPropertyOf, ?p2)
T(?p2, rdfs:subPropertyOf, ?p3)
T(?p1, rdfs:subPropertyOf, ?p3)
scm-eqp1 T(?p1, owl:equivalentProperty, ?p2) T(?p1, rdfs:subPropertyOf, ?p2)
T(?p2, rdfs:subPropertyOf, ?p1)
scm-eqp2 T(?p1, rdfs:subPropertyOf, ?p2)
T(?p2, rdfs:subPropertyOf, ?p1)
T(?p1, owl:equivalentProperty, ?p2)
scm-dom1 11 T(?p, rdfs:domain, ?c1)
T(?c1, rdfs:subClassOf, ?c2)
T(?p, rdfs:domain, ?c2)
scm-dom2 11 T(?p2, rdfs:domain, ?c)
T(?p1, rdfs:subPropertyOf, ?p2)
T(?p1, rdfs:domain, ?c)
scm-rng1 11 T(?p, rdfs:range, ?c1)
T(?c1, rdfs:subClassOf, ?c2)
T(?p, rdfs:range, ?c2)
scm-rng2 11 T(?p2, rdfs:range, ?c)
T(?p1, rdfs:subPropertyOf, ?p2)
T(?p1, rdfs:range, ?c)
scm-hv 11 T(?c1, owl:hasValue, ?i)
T(?c1, owl:onProperty, ?p1)
T(?c2, owl:hasValue, ?i)
T(?c2, owl:onProperty, ?p2)
T(?p1, rdfs:subPropertyOf, ?p2)
T(?c1, rdfs:subClassOf, ?c2)
scm-svf1 11 T(?c1, owl:someValuesFrom, ?y1)
T(?c1, owl:onProperty, ?p)
T(?c2, owl:someValuesFrom, ?y2)
T(?c2, owl:onProperty, ?p)
T(?y1, rdfs:subClassOf, ?y2)
T(?c1, rdfs:subClassOf, ?c2)
scm-svf2 11 T(?c1, owl:someValuesFrom, ?y)
T(?c1, owl:onProperty, ?p1)
T(?c2, owl:someValuesFrom, ?y)
T(?c2, owl:onProperty, ?p2)
T(?p1, rdfs:subPropertyOf, ?p2)
T(?c1, rdfs:subClassOf, ?c2)
scm-avf1 11 T(?c1, owl:allValuesFrom, ?y1)
T(?c1, owl:onProperty, ?p)
T(?c2, owl:allValuesFrom, ?y2)
T(?c2, owl:onProperty, ?p)
T(?y1, rdfs:subClassOf, ?y2)
T(?c1, rdfs:subClassOf, ?c2)
scm-avf2 11 T(?c1, owl:allValuesFrom, ?y)
T(?c1, owl:onProperty, ?p1)
T(?c2, owl:allValuesFrom, ?y)
T(?c2, owl:onProperty, ?p2)
T(?p1, rdfs:subPropertyOf, ?p2)
T(?c2, rdfs:subClassOf, ?c1)
scm-int T(?c, owl:intersectionOf, ?x)
LIST[?x, ?c1, ..., ?cn]
T(?c, rdfs:subClassOf, ?c1)
T(?c, rdfs:subClassOf, ?c2)
...
T(?c, rdfs:subClassOf, ?cn)
scm-uni T(?c, owl:unionOf, ?x)
LIST[?x, ?c1, ..., ?cn]
T(?c1, rdfs:subClassOf, ?c)
T(?c2, rdfs:subClassOf, ?c)
...
T(?cn, rdfs:subClassOf, ?c)

Key
Code Explanation
1 Not done due to the database clutter that would result. May be an option in the future.
2 Not done because rule is a consistency check and does not materializes triples
3 Not done because it is too expensive to calculate a canonical value for each literal and compare that to the canonical value of every other literal to find those that are identical. Also this would add triples with a literal as the subject which is not valid RDF.
2 Not done but may appear in a future version of the materializer.
10 Done using initial RDFS++ code
11 Done via materialization rules